Globalisation and national media
In this lecture we learnt about the outline to the main news markets are in the UK, how to reconsider some of the key elements around theories of globalisation and to explore some of the issues around the market driven media.
Within the media world, newspaper and magazine publishers do actually vary from some what enormous mutinational conglomenates to very small single-titled companies or even family owned concerns.
The main newspaper players include things such as; News international group, Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT), Trinity Mirror PLC, Telegraph Group LTD, Guardian Media Group (GMG) and Northern and Shell PLC. Now going through what each point represents:
News International Group:
The subsidiary of the news corporations are apart of this which includes; BSkyB, BBC and Fox, out of the newspaper titles they have listed; The Times, The Sun and The News of the World. In 2005 their assests were $55 billion and revenue were $24 billion. There were 175 newspaper publishers worldwide and employing more than 15,000 people. In 2004 the newspapers revenues increased from £686 million to £831 million.
Daily Mail and General Trust:
The Daily Mail and General Trust are one of the largest media companies in the UK. They incorporate associated newspapers such as; The Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday and The Evening Standard. The origins date back to the launch of the Daily Mail back in 1896, and then in 2004 their turnover was £2.1 billion with profits of £234 million. They introduced nearly 19,000 employees which included magazines, broadcasting and financial divisions.
Trinity Mirror PLC:
This is another one of the main UK publishers with nearly 250 titles, they began with regional press which were; Western Mail, Liverpool Echo and Birmingham Evening Mail. They then decided to bring in The Mirror and People. In 2004 they had a turnover of £1.15 billion and proits of £215 million, but also debts laid on top of that which were £450 million. Their employees were increasing over more than 11,000 people across the UK.
Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammedi suggests that there are three positions on globalisation, one of which was; developmentalist, where the use of the mediaa could help developing countries. The cultural pluralism is the revison of the mediaa environment, but as a more complex ordeal.
The cultural pluralism examples are that television exports more from Brazil than Portugal, this is in despite of the colonial heritage involved. Where as within film, Hollywood is seen as the more dominant over Bollywood, but still close behind it. The flaw in globalisation is deeply concentrated in the US, Europe and the Pacific Rim, this is with China to play an important role.
Picard has views on the global communication controversies which involve criticisms of the news duoplay by emerging the nations together. Where as counter criticism is developing, nations often restrict access to the informtion available.
Within the market driven journalism, it is seen as though journalism is often driven by the environment, this is institutional and cultural. Media film, which is of a local branch of parent corporation and news departments.
Wednesday, 5 December 2007
Critical Anaylsis on producing the news
The lecture about producing the news was actually very interesting. We got information on news manufacturing, structures surrounding and gate keeping.
Looking at what events journalists see as being news, we looked at: Frequency, threshold, intensity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity and composition. You know them withouth looking, they are always the same. This is news as a social process.
The way in which journalists organise the production for the news, they have a 'beat', there is a history beyond individuals who work within different aspects of the news. For example; Crime, sport, social events etc. A reporter is assigned to a beat but doesn't own it. It is seen as a complex job; the 'object of reporting', or it can be looked at as though it is a socialable job.
Sequences are seen as being in a relation to any other sequence. Part of this relation is the 'genre' of the reporting itself. Relations also can occur as part of the social framework-such as; events happening in the same place like the court. Events also that are assumed to be self evident and to exist independatly of the observer.
Detecting an event that is going on, is assumed not to change this event, an event occurs logically and temporary before detction of the event. As for this, all these points apply and of course journalists must not corrupt, be biased or defected in anyway whatsoever.
A good reporter must get good sources who sound authoritive and quotes that show both sides of a story. Where the audience is concerned, they need a story that is going to keep them interested and holds their attention. Therefore the story needs to be important, relevant, entertaining and full of interest. When the story is enough to grab the auidences attention, the reporter needs to make sure they can get to the event to report it.
A gate keeper, David Manning White, he has experience as a journalist, he is a wire editor for a morning newspaper. He copy, edits and writes the headlines. The role of gate keeping can work as means of social control, bu also a filter to reduce the media 'noise'. This is embedded within life expriences, but doesn't work on personal whim. Gate keeping is also included in social ideaologies and cultures.
The production cycle: you have to consider the planning, gathering of information, the selection and the production itself. Predictability of long-term events, this is to make the unpredictable routine as possible. Gathering is actively collected by correspondents. The selection is culled, collated and edited, this means that the agencies and editors transform events into news. Lastly, the production itself is organised so that the form fits in with the auidences expectations.
Looking at what events journalists see as being news, we looked at: Frequency, threshold, intensity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity and composition. You know them withouth looking, they are always the same. This is news as a social process.
The way in which journalists organise the production for the news, they have a 'beat', there is a history beyond individuals who work within different aspects of the news. For example; Crime, sport, social events etc. A reporter is assigned to a beat but doesn't own it. It is seen as a complex job; the 'object of reporting', or it can be looked at as though it is a socialable job.
Sequences are seen as being in a relation to any other sequence. Part of this relation is the 'genre' of the reporting itself. Relations also can occur as part of the social framework-such as; events happening in the same place like the court. Events also that are assumed to be self evident and to exist independatly of the observer.
Detecting an event that is going on, is assumed not to change this event, an event occurs logically and temporary before detction of the event. As for this, all these points apply and of course journalists must not corrupt, be biased or defected in anyway whatsoever.
A good reporter must get good sources who sound authoritive and quotes that show both sides of a story. Where the audience is concerned, they need a story that is going to keep them interested and holds their attention. Therefore the story needs to be important, relevant, entertaining and full of interest. When the story is enough to grab the auidences attention, the reporter needs to make sure they can get to the event to report it.
A gate keeper, David Manning White, he has experience as a journalist, he is a wire editor for a morning newspaper. He copy, edits and writes the headlines. The role of gate keeping can work as means of social control, bu also a filter to reduce the media 'noise'. This is embedded within life expriences, but doesn't work on personal whim. Gate keeping is also included in social ideaologies and cultures.
The production cycle: you have to consider the planning, gathering of information, the selection and the production itself. Predictability of long-term events, this is to make the unpredictable routine as possible. Gathering is actively collected by correspondents. The selection is culled, collated and edited, this means that the agencies and editors transform events into news. Lastly, the production itself is organised so that the form fits in with the auidences expectations.
Critical Anaylsis on the institution of the mass media
Taking into consideration some of the key theories of the study of the mass media are, exploring some consequences of concentration of media ownership. Also the outline of current trends that are affecting the development.
Within the mass media, the determinist tradtions emphasise the relations of the media to the more dominant groups. Whoever owns the media production, do they have the power?
Emphasis on liberalism and self undermines instituions that could resist totalitarian tendances in society. Important values are also subsituted for by a hollow commodity feitishism. This depoliticizes the working class, sells the desire for consumption, what will bring us satisfaction?
The Mass Media proposes a system of 'fliters' through which the mass media dissrminate information: 1. They are a concentrated ownership. 2. Advertising as the primary income source of the mass media. 3. The reliance on official sources and so on.
The pluralistic sociology of the mass media is a counter tradition that considers the effect of audience respondes to the media. The media and propaganda (more generally) may work by reinforcement rather than conversion. Therefore audiences are then rarely homogeneous and are then more often active, selective in their readings, such as; studios tend concentrate on users and gratification theory.
Within the mass media, the determinist tradtions emphasise the relations of the media to the more dominant groups. Whoever owns the media production, do they have the power?
Emphasis on liberalism and self undermines instituions that could resist totalitarian tendances in society. Important values are also subsituted for by a hollow commodity feitishism. This depoliticizes the working class, sells the desire for consumption, what will bring us satisfaction?
The Mass Media proposes a system of 'fliters' through which the mass media dissrminate information: 1. They are a concentrated ownership. 2. Advertising as the primary income source of the mass media. 3. The reliance on official sources and so on.
The pluralistic sociology of the mass media is a counter tradition that considers the effect of audience respondes to the media. The media and propaganda (more generally) may work by reinforcement rather than conversion. Therefore audiences are then rarely homogeneous and are then more often active, selective in their readings, such as; studios tend concentrate on users and gratification theory.
Critical Anaylsis on the history of journalism 2
Analysising the media and popular culture lecture earlier on this week. We started to look in the public sphere and the history of journalism itself.
Since the 19th century, the roles of the press have changed in such a dramtic way. The powers who owned all the larger companies were actually in control of what was being printed. Although the printing press was such an expensive item, there were more and more copies of the print that was being distributed.
We started the lecture off by mentioning some approaches to the political economy, we found out there are four main approaches, such as; Marixt, Realist/Pragmatic, Liberal and Constructivist. Marxist approaches look at the political economy by emphasising a class based struggle. Also, economic base is the key to the ideological superstructure and for most of us our fundament resource is labour, but we are alienated from the products of this by capitalism leading to class struggle. Alienated from power.
Their role in advertising moved the media to an vast economic determinism. The mass advertising got noticed after the instituion of advertising duty, which was in 1853. Therefore this meant that the more 'eye-catching' advertisements could get away with paying no tax and was so much more effective as it was bringing more businesses their way.
As the public sphere increased, stages of trade to concentrate on commerce. Journalists such concentrated on the spectator and moved into taste and fashion which helped move the public sphere along. This meant that middle classes became more interested and involved in politics.
Also the politicians were noticing that the mass of the population, the media were now reaching a new high. They wanted to gain more income support such as, getting their voices heard through the media seemed like an ideal situation. Politicans did change the public sphere, this therefore helped the increase in their coverage. Now, there is an increase where new puplications are being formed throughout a handful of different mediums such as; internet as well as the newspapers.
Within the changing of the public sphere, engaged in education, you had to be apart of a class and some races were excluded from them.
Mass politics of the late 19th/20th century changed the nature of the sphere. Politicans and authorities became less and less concerned with rpressing than managing debate. With the rise of the press barons, industrialisation and commrcialisation saw the rise of a new type of entrepreneur, of which Northcliffe and Beaverbrook were archtypes. Effects would've included concentration of ownership, greater proprietorial control and political intervention. After all, their influence can be greatly over exaggerated, but the most important change was to establish press as business.
Since the 19th century, the roles of the press have changed in such a dramtic way. The powers who owned all the larger companies were actually in control of what was being printed. Although the printing press was such an expensive item, there were more and more copies of the print that was being distributed.
We started the lecture off by mentioning some approaches to the political economy, we found out there are four main approaches, such as; Marixt, Realist/Pragmatic, Liberal and Constructivist. Marxist approaches look at the political economy by emphasising a class based struggle. Also, economic base is the key to the ideological superstructure and for most of us our fundament resource is labour, but we are alienated from the products of this by capitalism leading to class struggle. Alienated from power.
Their role in advertising moved the media to an vast economic determinism. The mass advertising got noticed after the instituion of advertising duty, which was in 1853. Therefore this meant that the more 'eye-catching' advertisements could get away with paying no tax and was so much more effective as it was bringing more businesses their way.
As the public sphere increased, stages of trade to concentrate on commerce. Journalists such concentrated on the spectator and moved into taste and fashion which helped move the public sphere along. This meant that middle classes became more interested and involved in politics.
Also the politicians were noticing that the mass of the population, the media were now reaching a new high. They wanted to gain more income support such as, getting their voices heard through the media seemed like an ideal situation. Politicans did change the public sphere, this therefore helped the increase in their coverage. Now, there is an increase where new puplications are being formed throughout a handful of different mediums such as; internet as well as the newspapers.
Within the changing of the public sphere, engaged in education, you had to be apart of a class and some races were excluded from them.
Mass politics of the late 19th/20th century changed the nature of the sphere. Politicans and authorities became less and less concerned with rpressing than managing debate. With the rise of the press barons, industrialisation and commrcialisation saw the rise of a new type of entrepreneur, of which Northcliffe and Beaverbrook were archtypes. Effects would've included concentration of ownership, greater proprietorial control and political intervention. After all, their influence can be greatly over exaggerated, but the most important change was to establish press as business.
Critical Anaylsis on tabloidisation
The thought of Tabloids beating Broadsheets by the amount of readers, journalists hate the fact!
Tabloid newspapers are moving further and further away from other newspapers. Tabloids are recorded to have a readership of over 8 million people everyday, where as Broadsheets only have 2 million a day. So why are tabloids seen as a bad read? People clearly enjoy reading tabloids over broadsheets.
Tabloids seem to attract more female than male readers. Newspapers such as The Sun which is a very popular tabloid paper only involves stories that are contemporary and doesn't involve high concentration. Their stories involve what the Beckhams are doing, and who's cheating on who in the celebrity world.
They also use alot of emotionalism, this is to tell the readers what to or how to feel about the story. Therefore is seen as a 'must', but doesn't follow on with 'or else'. The main Human Interest story of this year has been about Madeline McCann. The Sun recently printed their front page saying "Pray for Maddie" and a huge photograph of her on the front. Demanding tabloids.
Where as Broadsheets are seen as very informative and they do contain stories that people what to hear about. They are seen as being a good read, but where as Tabloids' main news is mostly celebrity based, it is seen as poor writing.
All rumours and pain goes into the stories in Tabloid newspapers. UK press will continue with this type of printing until someone tells them otherwise. As they do have the higher readership rates everyday, I don't think that'll be changing any time soon.
I'm sure the tabloids can think of better things to write about?
Tabloid newspapers are moving further and further away from other newspapers. Tabloids are recorded to have a readership of over 8 million people everyday, where as Broadsheets only have 2 million a day. So why are tabloids seen as a bad read? People clearly enjoy reading tabloids over broadsheets.
Tabloids seem to attract more female than male readers. Newspapers such as The Sun which is a very popular tabloid paper only involves stories that are contemporary and doesn't involve high concentration. Their stories involve what the Beckhams are doing, and who's cheating on who in the celebrity world.
They also use alot of emotionalism, this is to tell the readers what to or how to feel about the story. Therefore is seen as a 'must', but doesn't follow on with 'or else'. The main Human Interest story of this year has been about Madeline McCann. The Sun recently printed their front page saying "Pray for Maddie" and a huge photograph of her on the front. Demanding tabloids.
Where as Broadsheets are seen as very informative and they do contain stories that people what to hear about. They are seen as being a good read, but where as Tabloids' main news is mostly celebrity based, it is seen as poor writing.
All rumours and pain goes into the stories in Tabloid newspapers. UK press will continue with this type of printing until someone tells them otherwise. As they do have the higher readership rates everyday, I don't think that'll be changing any time soon.
I'm sure the tabloids can think of better things to write about?
Critical Anaylsis on Photojournalism
During the lecure-'Making meaning from photographs' we discovered that using photographs withing journalism is great, they give out so many different meanings, and making sure the readers don't forget.
Looking at Roland Barthes, a structuralist believes that the 'Indexial' level meant that images resembled objects because they were produced under circumstances that they wre phyiscally forced to correspond point by point to nature. Roland Barthes has published books called, 'Mythologies' and 'Reflections on Photography'.
Images can encourage you to form an opinion of what the photograph is trying to explain/tell you. Susan Sontag says that photographs represent a window on the world. They offer a part of what was there. The newspapers use images so that they have an evidence of what happened or is happening.
Going back to Barthes, he has his own structuralist roots to mention that the press photograph should not be regulated as an isolated structure. He says: "In communication with at least one other structure-namely the text.
Also looking into what Sassure's semiotic approach is to photojournalism. It is 'anchored' by specific textual messages, the readers can be encouraged to view the images in a very certain light. Looking at 'Iconic' images, photographs become more symbolic of a particular event, therefore this will trigger the memories of previous readers and their related feelings and emotions.
Photographs such as the one used on the 'Sun's' website appearing on December 1st would not work without the caption and article below but still have symbolic features. This is because the story is about the teacher who has been accused of insulting Islam. Even though looking closely...aren't most of the Islamic boys named after Mohammed within their middle names? Aren't they contradicting themselves?
Looking at Roland Barthes, a structuralist believes that the 'Indexial' level meant that images resembled objects because they were produced under circumstances that they wre phyiscally forced to correspond point by point to nature. Roland Barthes has published books called, 'Mythologies' and 'Reflections on Photography'.
Images can encourage you to form an opinion of what the photograph is trying to explain/tell you. Susan Sontag says that photographs represent a window on the world. They offer a part of what was there. The newspapers use images so that they have an evidence of what happened or is happening.
Going back to Barthes, he has his own structuralist roots to mention that the press photograph should not be regulated as an isolated structure. He says: "In communication with at least one other structure-namely the text.
Also looking into what Sassure's semiotic approach is to photojournalism. It is 'anchored' by specific textual messages, the readers can be encouraged to view the images in a very certain light. Looking at 'Iconic' images, photographs become more symbolic of a particular event, therefore this will trigger the memories of previous readers and their related feelings and emotions.
Photographs such as the one used on the 'Sun's' website appearing on December 1st would not work without the caption and article below but still have symbolic features. This is because the story is about the teacher who has been accused of insulting Islam. Even though looking closely...aren't most of the Islamic boys named after Mohammed within their middle names? Aren't they contradicting themselves?
Self Generated-Car Crime
Crime around Penryn is getting worse. After having my car keyed, also following that my housemate Danielle Burt had hers done too. We were blaming everyone. No one was innocent in our eyes.
After moaning and blaming people, Danielle and I had calmed down a little bit. The worst thing is, I was at home when the two cars got scratched and nothing was heard.
As I was furious at what had happened, I phoned the police and reported it to them, to be honest I didn't think they would do anything about it, but the following day a police woman was knocking on the backdoor. I showed her both cars, and she went around Shute Meadow, our road and asked people if they had seen anything.
Now, I know it was good of them to send someone out, but the day it happened I did that anyway. So she didn't get much luck. A quote I found on the BBC's news website made me laugh..."The drop in vehicle crime is remarkable. Our aim is to prevent crime in the first place and this appears to be working."-Pc Tim Brooks.
Suprisingly I had another visit from another policeman today, around 2pm. He wanted to see if anything else has occured since the incident last Tuesday. Everything else has been ok. Apart from the £526 I have to pay for my car now.
They are going to keep popping down to check the area, which is great, if it will stop these guilty people.
After moaning and blaming people, Danielle and I had calmed down a little bit. The worst thing is, I was at home when the two cars got scratched and nothing was heard.
As I was furious at what had happened, I phoned the police and reported it to them, to be honest I didn't think they would do anything about it, but the following day a police woman was knocking on the backdoor. I showed her both cars, and she went around Shute Meadow, our road and asked people if they had seen anything.
Now, I know it was good of them to send someone out, but the day it happened I did that anyway. So she didn't get much luck. A quote I found on the BBC's news website made me laugh..."The drop in vehicle crime is remarkable. Our aim is to prevent crime in the first place and this appears to be working."-Pc Tim Brooks.
Suprisingly I had another visit from another policeman today, around 2pm. He wanted to see if anything else has occured since the incident last Tuesday. Everything else has been ok. Apart from the £526 I have to pay for my car now.
They are going to keep popping down to check the area, which is great, if it will stop these guilty people.
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